Turbo codes and iterative decoding techniques, interleavers for turbo codes, Turbo Trellis coded modulation. Low density parity check codes. Performance analysis of iteratively decoded codes.
Optical communication networks. Network layers. Optical signal formats. Optical fiber. Transmitter and receiver components. Multilevel modulation of optical signals. Coherent detection. Optical bypass technology. Wavelength assignment. Optical protection schemes. Dynamic networking. Flexible optical networks.
Gridless network architecture. Principles of switching theory. Asynchronous Transfer Mode switching architectures. Principle of teletraffic engineering. Queueing theory and performance evaluation techniques as applied to the study of computer network architectures.
Current topics in computer network modelling analysis and traffic control for high-speed multimedia networks. Optical networks design with emphasis on network survivability.
Wavelength division multiplexing WDM , wavelength conversion, optical switch architectures, routing and wavelength assignment algorithms, IP over WDM, optical network protocols, optical network control architectures, protection and restoration, spare capacity allocation, survivable routing, design and performance evaluation.
Representation and approximation in vector spaces, matrix factorization, pseudoinverses, application of eigen decomposition methods, Singular Values Decomposition, least squares problems, applications of special matrices, iterative algorithms, expectation maximization algorithm. Neuro-fuzzy and soft computing. Fuzzy set theory: rules, reasoning and inference systems. Regression and optimization; derivative-based optimization - genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, downhill simplex search.
Neural Networks: adaptive networks; bidirectional associative memories; supervised and unsupervised learning; learning from enforcement. Applications: neuro-fuzzy modelling and control, pattern recognition. Ondes planes uniformes et non uniformes. Fonctions de Green. Analyse cepstrale. Estimation de puissance spectrale. Requires an in-depth written report and an oral presentation.
Project will be evaluated by a final project report submitted to the professor, as well as a formal assessment of the student by the industry expert. International projects location or industry expert are permitted. Simulation as a problem solving tool.
Random variable generation, general discrete simulation procedure: event table and statistical gathering. Analyses of simulation data: point and interval estimation. Confidence intervals. Overview of modelling, simulation and problem solving using simscript, modism and other languages. This course covers media compression, in-depth issues of scalability in the compression domain including audio, images, video, 2D and 3D graphics , and adaptation towards various contexts; as well is covering various popular media encoding standards including JPEG and MPEG.
Models for software, computer systems, and communications networks, with discrete states, instantaneous transitions and stochastic behaviour. Communicating finite state machines and Petri nets. Review of concepts of probability, and of Markov Chains with discrete and continuous parameters. Basic queueing theory. Numerical methods for Markov Models. Introduction to algorithms and computer methods for optimizing complex engineering systems.
Includes linear programming, networks, nonlinear programming, integer and mixed-integer programming, genetic algorithms and search methods, and dynamic programming. Emphasizes practical algorithms and computer methods for engineering applications. Advanced theory, algorithms and computer methods for optimization. Interior point methods for linear optimization, advanced methods for nonlinear and mixed-integer optimization. Search methods. Applications in engineering. Characteristics of real-time and distributed systems.
Analyzing designs for robustness, modularity, extensibility, portability and performance. Implementation issues. Major course project. Mathematics of optimization: linear, nonlinear and convex problems. Convex and affine sets. Convex, quasiconvex and log-convex functions.
Operations preserving convexity. Recognizing and formulating convex optimization problems. The Lagrange function, optimality conditions, duality, geometric and saddle-point interpretations.
Least-norm, regularized and robust approximations. Statistical estimation, detector design. Adaptive antennas. Geometric problems networks. Measure of information: entropy, relative entropy, mutual information, asymptotic equipartition property, entropy rates for stochastic processes; Data compression: Huffman code, arithmetic coding; Channel capacity: random coding bound, reliability function, Blahut-Arimoto algorithm, Gaussian channels, coloured Gaussian noise and "water-filling"; Rate distortion theory; Network information theory.
Designing software to demanding performance specifications. Design analysis using models of computation, workload, and performance. Principles to govern design improvement for sequential, concurrent and parallel execution, based on resource architecteure and quantitative analysis. Performance measurements, metrics and models of midware based systems and applications.
Benchmarks, workload characterization, and methods for capacity planning and system sizing. Performance monitoring infrastructures for operating systems and applications. Introduction to the design and analysis of experiments and the interpretation of measurements.
Agent-based programming; elements of distributed artificial intelligence; beliefs, desires and intentions; component-based technology; languages for agent implementations; ontologies; KQML; autonomy; adaptability; security issues; mobility; standards; agent design issues and frameworks; applications in telecommunications.
Methodological aspects of simulation. Modelling discrete events systems. Verification and validation. Cellular models: cellular automata, cell-DEVS. Continuous and hybrid models. Parallel and distributed simulation PADS techniques. All aspects of software quality engineering. Software testing, at all stages of the software development and maintenance life cycle.
Software reviews and inspections. Use of software measurement and quantitative modelling for the purpose of software quality control and improvement. Recent and advanced topics in the field of Information Systems and its related areas.
Congestion phenomena in telephone systems, and related telecommunications networks and systems, with an emphasis on the problems, notation, terminology, and typical switching systems and networks of the operating telephone companies. Analytical queueing models and applications to these systems. Computer network types, introductory queueing theory and performance analysis. Data link layer.
Public Networks. IP networks, addressing, routing. Transport layer, flow control. Introduction to ISDN. Techniques for representing distributed systems: precedence graphs, petrinets, communicating state-machines etc.
Processes, threads, synchronization and interprocess communication techniques, RPC. Protocol: OSI model, application and presentation layers. Resource management: processor allocation and load sharing. Real-time issues and scheduling. Systems to build mobile applications. Covers data link layer to application layer. Emphasis on existing wireless infrastructure and IETF protocols. System identification. Least squares and recursive identification techniques.
Asymptotic and theoretical properties. Model structure selection. Prediction and estimation. Model reference adaptive control and self tuning regulators. Nonlinear adaptive systems. Neural networks and neuro-control.
Applications to robotics, control and pattern recognition. Lagrange equations and Hamilton's principle. Dynamics of lumped parameter and continuous systems. Natural modes and natural frequencies. Forced vibrations. Stability and bifurcation. Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies. Gyroscopic effects. Forward and inverse kinematics of robot manipulators. Denavit-Hartenberg notation.
Derivation of manipulator dynamics. A range of access technologies with emphasis on broadband access. Physical channels and the state-of-the-art of coding, modulation, multiplexing strategies to overcome physical impairments, including high-speed transmission over twisted pair, wireless, fibre and co-axial media. Modelling and state space realization. Review of signals and systems. Solution to the matrix DE. Discrete time systems and the Z transform.
Canonical representations and transformations. Controllability, observability and controller and observer design. LQR design and the Kalman filter. Numerous examples and applications.
Basic concepts of randomness, as applied to communications, signal processing, and queueing systems; probability theory, random variables, stochastic processes; random signals in linear systems; introduction to decision and estimation; Markov chains and elements of queueing theory.
Exclusion: ELG Optimum Receiver Theory. Channel coding, trellis coded modulation. Spread spectrum and CDMA communications. New architectural concepts are introduced.
Memory interfacing. Fault tolerant systems and DSP architectures. Examples of current systems are used for discussions. Interactive digital technologies as new media for art and entertainment. Topics include essential features of the digital media, interactivity, computer games and gamification, interactive stories, serious games, virtual worlds and social networks, and digital art.
Applications, such as adaptive prediction; channel equalization; echo cancellation; source coding; antenna beamforming, spectral estimation. Multidimensional function approximation. The least squares adaptive algorithm and the generalized delta rule. Multi-layered perceptrons and the back-propagation algorithm. Approximation of non-linear functions. Radial basis functions. Self-organized maps. Applications of neural signal processing to control, communications and pattern recognition.
DSP multiprocessors and fault tolerant systems. Viterbi decoding. Mobile radio channel characterization: signal strength prediction techniques and statistical coverage; fading; delay spread; interference models and outage probabilities.
Signal processing techniques: diversity and beamforming, adaptive equalization, coding. Discrete and continuous sources. Discrete sources: Huffman coding and run length encoding.
Continuous sources: waveform construction coding; PCM, DPCM, delta modulation; speech compression by parameter extraction; predictive encoding; image coding by transformation and block quantization.
Fourier and Walsh transform coding. Applications to speech, television, facsimile. Multiuser cellular and personal radio communication systems; frequency reuse, traffic engineering, system capacity, mobility and channel resource allocation. Multiple access principles, cellular radio systems, signalling and interworking. Security and authentication. Sampling and quantization of television signals: rec Video conferencing systems and other digital video processing applications. Pseudo-noise generators: statistical properties of M sequences, Galois field connections, Gold codes.
OVSF codes. Code tracking loops, initial synchronization of receiver spreading code. Performance in interference environments and fading channels. CDMA systems. Principles and methods for operating system design with application to real-time, embedded systems. Concurrent programming: mechanisms and languages; design approaches and issues; run-time support kernel. Methods for hard real-time applications. Database definitions, applications, and architectures. Conceptual design based on the entity-relationship and object-oriented models.
Relational data model: relational algebra and calculus, normal forms, data definition and manipulation languages. Database management systems: transaction management, recovery and concurrency control.
Current trends: object-oriented, knowledge-based, multimedia and distributed databases. Concepts in basic computer architecture, assembly languages, high level languages including object orientation, compilers and operating system concepts including concurrency mechanisms such as processes and threads and computer communication. Designed for graduate students without extensive undergraduate preparation in computer system engineering or the equivalent experience. Analytical modelling techniques for performance analysis of computing systems.
Theoretical techniques covered include single and multiple class queueing network models, together with a treatment of computational techniques, approximations, and limitations. Applications include scheduling, memory management, peripheral devices, databases, multiprocessing, and distributed computing.
Object-oriented features; inheritance, polymorphism, templates, exception handling. Concurrency issues. Design patterns and frameworks for distributed systems, with examples from communication applications. Design issues for reusable software. Design and Java implementation of distributed applications that use telecommunication networks as their computing platform. Basics of networking; Java networking facilities.
Agents: Java code mobility facilities. Security issues; Java security model. An introduction to the process of applying computers in problem solving. Emphasis is placed on the design and analysis of efficient computer algorithms for large, complex problems. Applications in a number of areas are presented: data manipulation, databases, computer networks, queueing systems, optimization.
Review of relational databases, first order predicate calculus, semantics of first order models, deductive querying. Proof theory, unification and resolution strategies. Applications in knowledge representation and rule based expert systems. Advanced course in software design dealing with design issues at a high level of abstraction. Design models: use case maps for high-level behaviour description; UML for traditional object-oriented concerns.
Design patterns. Forward, reverse, and re-engineering. Substantial course project on applications chosen by students. The Internet and ISO models of network management. Fault management techniques. Current diagnostic theory and its limitations. AI and Machine learning approaches. Monitoring and fault management tools.
Security issues in data networks and computer systems. The course considers the protocol layers, looks at issues that are associated with specific types of network architectures. Issues with Web security, protocol security and different classes of attacks and defences will also be addressed. Finally, security issues in emerging paradigms, and trends such as social networks and cloud computing, will be addressed. Recent and advanced topics in the field of Integrated Circuits and Devices and its related areas.
Principles of physiological measurements and related instrumentation with particular applications to cardiology, lung function, cerebral and muscle signals, surgery and anaesthesiology, ultrasound measurements, and critical care for infants.
Graph theory, incidence matrices, cutset matrices, generalized KCL, topological formulation, state-space equations, Tellegen's theorem, state-transition matrix, multi-port representation, stability, passivity, causality, synthesis of passive circuits, active networks, nonlinear dynamic circuits.
Broadband impedance matching. Design of direct-coupled amplifiers, distributed amplifiers, power devices and amplifiers, phase shifters, switches, attenuators, mixers, oscillators. Characteristics of homogeneous and inhomogeneous transmission lines and waveguides.
Planar transmission lines: stripline, microstrip, coplanar lines, slotline. Coupled transmission lines. Modelling of discontinuities. Ferrite components. Microwave network analysis: parameters, CAD models. Design of impedance-matching networks, directional couplers, power splitters, filters. The fundamentals and details of analog integrated filters with emphasis on active continuous-time filters and SAW filters. Comparison to switched-capacitor filters. Review of filter concepts, types of filters, approximations, transformations.
Building blocks such as op amps, transconductance amplifiers, and gyrators. Design using cascaded second-order sections, multiple loop feedback and LC ladder simulations. Discussion of issues such as tuning, linearity, dynamic range, and noise. Integrated radio front-end component design, with emphasis on a bipolar process.
Overview of radio systems, discussion of frequency response, gain, noise, linearity, intermodulation, image rejection, impedance matching, stability, and power dissipation. Detailed design of low-noise amplifiers, mixers, oscillators and power amplifiers. Design alternatives through the use of one-chip inductors and baluns.
The impact of process variations, parasitics, and packaging. Simulation issues and techniques. General description of networks, leading to matrix representation of n-terminal lumped and distributed networks. Elements of matrix algebra as applied to networks.
Properties of network functions; poles and zeros of driving point and transfer functions. Foster and Cauer canonic forms. Synthesis of lossless two-ports, single- and double-terminated. Modern filter theory; approximation of characteristics by rational functions; Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations. General parameter filters; graphical design.
Elliptic filters, predistortion. Phase response and group delay; all-pass and Bessel filters. Time and frequency-domain formulations for simulation, sensitivity analysis and optimization. Optimization techniques for performance, cost and yield-driven analysis of electronic circuits. Optimization approaches to modelling and parameter extraction of active and passive elements.
Advanced techniques include statistical modelling, tolerance and reliability optimization, computer-aided tuning and analog diagnosis, and large-scale optimizations.
Characterization of negative-resistance one-port networks, signal general and amplification. Active two-ports; y, z, h, k, chain and scattering parameters. Measurement of two-port parameters. Activity and passivity; reciprocity, non-reciprocity, and anti-reciprocity. Gyrator as a circuit element. Stability, inherent and conditional; power gain of conjugate and mismatched two-port amplifiers. Amplifier gain sensitivity. Active filter design; gyrator, negative immittance converter NIC and operational amplifier used as functional elements.
Synthesis from hardware description languages. Timing-oriented synthesis. Relation of integrated circuit layout to timing-oriented design. Design for reuse. The design of computer systems and components. E C E or knowledge of Verilog is recommended. Faults and fault modeling, test equipment, test generation for combinational and sequential circuits, fault simulation, memory and microprocessor testing, design for testability, built-in self-test techniques, and fault location.
Practical aspects of computer system design. Design, construction, and testing of significant digital subsystems. Design, construction, and programming of pipelined digital computers. Principles and characterization of logic circuits.
Design and analysis techniques for applied logic circuits. Transmission lines in digital applications. Families of circuit logic currently in use and their characteristics. Use of digital computers to simulate, partition, place and interconnect digital electronic systems.
Probabilistic tools for machine learning and analysis of real-world datasets. Introductory topics include classification, regression, probability theory, decision theory and quantifying information with entropy, relative entropy and mutual information. Additional topics include naive Bayes, probabilistic graphical models, discriminant analysis, logistic regression, expectation maximization, source coding and variational inference.
Control theory is reduced to engineering practice through the analysis and design of actual systems in the laboratory. Experiments are conducted with modern servo systems using both analog and digital control. Systems identification and modern controls design are applied to motion and torque control.
Weekly or bi-weekly seminars on topics in electrical and computer engineering including automatic control, biomedical engineering, communications and signal processing, computer engineering, electromagnetic fields, energy and power systems, photonics, plasma, and solid state. Seminar on a particular topic may include lectures given by faculty, invited speakers, as well as group discussion. Advanced topics of special interest to students in various areas of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Requisites: Junior standing or member of Engineering Guest Students. Faculty seminars spanning energy and power systems, applied physics, electromagnetic fields, plasmas, communications and signal processing, controls, photonics, solid state, and computers will be given. Graded homework and a final project are assigned. A broad range of basic and advanced signal processing concepts presented in a MATLAB intensive, application driven environment designed to acquaint students with the fundamental ideas and language of signal processing.
Coding theory. Codes linear, Hamming, Golay, dual ; decoding-encoding; Shannon's theorem; sphere-packing; singleton and Gilbert-Varshamov bounds; weight enumerators; MacWilliams identities; finite fields; other codes Reed-Muller, cyclic, BCH, Reed-Solomon and error-correction algorithms. Individual or team project to gain hands-on-experience applying machine learning and signal processing concepts.
Work experience that combines classroom theory with practical knowledge of operations to provide students with a background on which to develop and enhance a professional career. The work experience is tailored for MS students from within the U. Design and implementation of protocols, systems, and applications for mobile and wireless networking, particularly at the media access control, network, transport, and application layers. Focus is on the unique problems and challenges presented by the properties of wireless transmission, various device constraints such as limited battery power, and node mobility.
Principles of power converters, two axis models of AC machines and AC drives, simulation of drive systems, analytical modeling of drives, dynamic behavior of induction and synchronous motors and drive systems. Advanced course in power electronics which provides an understanding of switching power converters. Electromagnetic design concepts and application to AC machines, magnetic circuit concepts, calculation of equivalent circuit parameters of induction, synchronous and permanent magnet machines from geometric data, copper and iron loss calculations, theory and application of finite elements to electromagnetic devices.
Power electronic application to utility systems is a rapidly growing field with major impact on the industry. Covers material on HVDC transmission, energy storage systems, renewable sources, static compensators, and flexible ac transmission systems. Equilibrium points and linearization; natural and forced response of state equations; system equivalence and Jordan form; Lyapunov, asymptotic, and BIBO stability; controllability and duality; control-theoretic concepts such as pole-placement, stabilization, observers, dynamic compensation, and the separation principle.
Optimality considerations in the study of dynamical systems; applications to electrical systems gain selection, tuning, conditions for optimality, feedback and instability, iterative methods, filtering, prediction, smoothing, dynamic programming controller synthesis, stability and robustness criteria. State estimation based on line-flow measurements. Detection and correction of incorrect on-line measurements. Reduction techniques. Network security evaluation. On-line contingency studies and contingency remedial action.
Calculation of penalty factors and optimal power dispatch strategies. On-line stability determination. Parallel processors for on-line studies. Waves in a cold plasma, wave-plasma interactions, waves in a hot plasma, Landau damping, cyclotron damping, magneto-hydrodynamic equilibria and instabilities, microinstabilities, introduction to nonlinear processes, and experimental applications.
Coulomb Collisions, Boltzmann equation, Fokker-Planck methods, dynamical friction, neoclassical diffusion, collision operators radiation processes and experimental applications. MHD equations and validity in hot plasmas; magnetic structure and magnetic flux coordinates; equilibrium in various configurations; stability formulation, energy principle, classification of instabilities; ideal and resistive instability in various configurations, evolution of nonlinear tearing modes; force-free equilibria, helicity, MHD dynamo; experimental applications.
Definition of measures of information and their properties, capacity of discrete and continuous channels with noise, source and channel coding theorems, fundamentals of channel coding, noiseless source coding, and source coding with a fidelity criterion. Review of basic probability. Advanced probability concepts. Random vectors; linear filtering of random processes; stationarity; power spectral densities; estimation; convergence; Markov chains; Poisson process; Wiener process.
Electrical transients due to faults and switching. Effect on power system design and operation. Traveling waves and surge protection. Computerized analysis of power transients. An overview of the architectures and design methodologies of VLSI array processors for digital signal processing.
Emphasis is placed on the techniques of mapping algorithms onto array structures for real time signal processing. Signals and their representation. Signal synthesis subject to constraints on peak voltage, energy, duration-bandwidth product. The theory of alternating projections onto convex sets and applications to inverse problems in signal processing: signal recovery using incomplete data, image recovery in tomography using limited views, phase retrieval in optical astronomy.
Theory, design and analysis of mobile wireless communication systems from a signal processing perspective. Topics include characterization of mobile wireless channels, demodulation of DS-SS signals, diversity techniques, interference suppression methods, and low-complexity adaptive receivers. Deterministic and stochastic spatio-temporal image models, transform domain processing, Markov random fields and anisotropic diffusion; MAP parameter estimation, ill-posed inverse problems, robust statistics and non-linear digital filtering in image processing.
In-depth study of robotics modeling and control. Topics include kinematics, motion planning, dynamics and control of serial chain robotic manipulators. Concepts are explored through a combination of theoretical and numerical modeling techniques. Time harmonic fields and waves in linear media with applications to radiation, guiding and scattering; wave and surface impedance and admittance concepts; duality, uniqueness, image theory, equivalence principle, induction and compensation theorems, reciprocity, Green's functions, wave functions, potential and transform theory.
An overview of modern photonic technology and an introduction to key parameters and concepts; the basic mechanisms determining the relationship between optical gain and current density, and quantum-well laser structures; physics of high-power phase-locked laser arrays or other optoelectronics devices. Computational techniques for solving differential and integral equations that govern static, frequency-domain, and time-domain electromagnetic field phenomena.
Applications of the finite-difference time-domain method, finite-element method, and method of moments to practical electromagnetics engineering problems.
Single-mode diode lasers and amplifiers and their applications; an in-depth treatment of the four basic types of high-power coherent diodes: phase-locked arrays, master-oscillator power amplifiers, unstable resonators, and external-cavity-controlled resonators. Scattering matrices; symmetrical junctions; impedance and ABCD matrices; equivalent circuits.
Wave propagation in periodic structures and anisotropic media; Floquet's theorem; Brillouin diagrams; Hartree harmonics; tensor permeability, conductivity, and permittivity; coupled wave equations; normal modes; applications in ferrite devices. Enroll Info: Knowledge of advanced engineering electromagnetics [such as E C E ] strongly encouraged. Physical principles underlying the action of semiconductor devices, chemical bonding and energy band structure, Boltzmann transport theory, optical and high frequency effects, diffusion and drift, interfaces, properties of elemental and compound semiconductors.
Elementary aspects of Lagrange theory of fields and field quantization; Bose, Fermi and Pauli operators; interaction of fields; quantum theory of damping and fluctuations; applications to lasers, nonlinear optics, and quantum optics. General considerations of linear wave phenomena; one dimensional waves; two and three dimensional waves; wave equations with constant coefficients; inhomogenous media; random media. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations; asymptotic methods. Requisites: E C E Introduction to the unique issues in the design and analysis of computer systems for real-time applications.
Hardware and software support for guaranteeing timeliness with and without failures. Resource management, time-constrained communication, scheduling and imprecise computations, real-time kernels and case studies. Students are strongly encouraged to have knowledge of computer architecture e.
Fault modeling, redundancy techniques and reliability evaluation, error detecting and correcting codes, self-checking circuits, fault diagnosis, software fault tolerance, and case studies. Overview of MOS devices and circuits; introduction to integrated circuit fabrication; topological design of data flow and control; interactive graphics layout; circuit simulation; system timing; organizational and architectural considerations; alternative implementation approaches; design project.
E C E or equivalent experience is strongly recommended. Broad introduction to computer-aided design tools for VLSI, emphasizing implementation algorithms and data structures. Topics covered: design styles, layout editors, symbolic compaction, module generators, placement and routing, automatic synthesis, design-rule checking, circuit extraction, simulation and verification.
Parallel algorithms, principles of parallelism detection and vectorizing compilers, interconnection networks, MIMD machines, processor synchronization, data coherence, multis, dataflow machines, special purpose processors. An overview of hardware and software solutions that enable the use of advanced computing in tackling computationally intensive Engineering problems. Hands-on learning promoted through programming assignments that leverage emerging hardware architectures and use parallel computing programming languages.
Mathematical foundations of machine learning theory and algorithms. Probabilistic, algebraic, and geometric models and representations of data, mathematical analysis of state-of-the-art learning algorithms and optimization methods, and applications of machine learning. Students should have taken a course in statistics and a course in linear algebra e.
Advanced interdisciplinary introduction to qualitative and geometric methods for dissipative nonlinear dynamical systems. Local bifurcations of ordinary differential equations and maps.
Manuscripts accepted as posters will be presented at the DCC poster session and have a one page summary in the DCC proceedings. For inclusion in the DCC proceedings, an accepted manuscript requires the same formatting as for submission, the only difference being that manuscripts accepted as papers are limited to 10 pages and manuscripts accepted as posters are limited to one page.
Submissions must be submitted electronically; by November 8, pm U. Pacific Time this deadline has been extended by 1 week from the original deadline of Nov. Authors will be notified via email in late December of acceptance as a paper, acceptance as a poster, or rejection. Accepted manuscripts must be submitted electronically; the due date will be in early January.
The letter of acceptance will include the exact due date, directions on where and how to make the electronic submission of the final manuscript, and directions for submitting a proceedings copyright form. Do not include a copyright form with your submission; instead, wait until your submission has been accepted and you receive directions. Sullivan, Microsoft Corporation Aaron B.
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